Article

Speak to awaken: Revitalising Kusunda

Authors
  • Uday Raj Aaley (independent researcher, Nepal)
  • Timotheus A. Bodt (SOAS, University of London)

Abstract

In the mid-19th century, when first described to western science, the Kusunda people and their language were already in a precarious position. Since then, the language has been described as ‘dying’, ‘moribund’, ‘dead’ and ‘extinct’ on several occasions. Remarkably, though, Kusunda speakers survived right into the 21st century when changes to the political and social situation in Nepal inspired renewed ethnic and cultural consciousness among minority groups. In this context, the small remaining Kusunda community expressed their wish to document and describe whatever was still known about their language and culture and create a vibrant speech community once again. In this chapter, we describe and critically examine the ongoing efforts to teach the Kusunda language to community members again. While it is still too early to judge the success of the efforts to awaken the Kusunda language, we will show that its initialisation and continued progress depend on the interest of the community, the support of the government, and the efforts of a dedicated community linguist. We also briefly discuss the main limitations to the awakening efforts, including factors affecting attendance in and operation of language classes; we also present how traditional gender roles, marriage patterns, seniority relations, socioeconomic conditions, and scattered residence of the Kusunda community affect awakening effortsIn this chapter, we describe and critically examine the ongoing efforts to teach the Kusunda language to community members again. While it is still too early to judge the success of the efforts to awaken the Kusunda language, we will show that its initialisation and continued progress depend on the interest of the community, the support of the government, and the efforts of a dedicated community linguist. We also briefly discuss the main limitations to the awakening efforts, including factors affecting attendance in and operation of language classes; we also present how traditional gender roles, marriage patterns, seniority relations, socioeconomic conditions, and scattered residence of the Kusunda community affect awakening efforts.

Cuando el pueblo Kusunda y su lengua fueron descritos por primera vez para la ciencia a mediados del siglo XIX, estos se encontraban ya en una situación precaria. Desde entonces y en varias ocasiones, a la lengua se le ha calificado de ‘moribunda’, ‘muerta’ o ‘extincta’. Sin embargo, los hablantes de Kusunda siguen presentes en el siglo XXI en un momento en el que los cambios políticos y la situación social en Nepal ha inspirado una nueva conciencia étnica y cultural entre grupos minorizados. En este contexto, la comunidad Kusunda que se conserva ha expresado su deseo por documentar y describir todo aquello que aún se conoce sobre su lengua y cultura, y por crear una nueva y dinámica comunidad de habla. En este capítulo se describe y se examina de manera crítica los esfuerzos actuales por volver a enseñar la lengua Kusunda a los miembros de la comunidad de herencia. A pesar de que cualquier evaluación de los logros de estos esfuerzos sería prematura, se muestra que el que hayan surgido estos esfuerzos y que se hayan mantenido depende del interés de la comunidad, del apoyo del gobierno, y del compromiso de un lingüista comunitario. También abordamos las limitantes principales de los esfuerzos por despertar una lengua incluyendo los factores que afectan la asistencia a las clases y la organización de estas; también explicamos cómo los roles de género, las prácticas culturales en torno al matrimonio, las relaciones en base a edad y estatus socioeconómico, y lo dispersa que está la comunidad Kusunda afectan a la evolución de los esfuerzos por despertar la lengua.

Keywords: Kusunda, language awakening, Nepal, language isolate

How to Cite:

Aaley, U. & Bodt, T. A., (2023) “Speak to awaken: Revitalising Kusunda”, Living Languages 2(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.7275/ryd3-1113

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Published on
27 Nov 2023
Peer Reviewed